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Secret#158:TheMidPassFilterThisfilterallowsyoutoprovideastylesheetforversionsIE5.0and5.5ofWindowswithoutincludinganyotherbrowser.ThismeansyoucanfixtheBoxModelandotherproblemsinIE5.xversionswithoutaddingthosehacksdirectlytoyourmaindocuments. Inthecaseofthemid-passfilter,you lltrickthebrowserusingthe@mediarulewithavalueoftty. noteThe@mediarulehelpsspecifymediatypes(seeSecret162laterinthischapter).Itissimilarto@importinthatyoucanusemultipleinstancesof@mediatodefinedifferentmediatypeswithinasinglestylesheet.Inthisinstance,it sbeingusedspecificallyasahack. Considerthefollowing: @mediatty{ i{content:”";/*”"*/}}@import’midpassbefore.css’;/*”;} }/**/ p.test{color:green;padding:1em} strong{color:black;background:#fff;padding:02px;margin:-@mediatty{ i{content:”";/*”"*/}}@import’midpassafter.css’;/*”;} }/**/ Becauseofthefiltrationprocessbasedonbugswiththe@mediarule,mediattyruleswillbeseenonlybyIE5.xbrowsersforWindows, andwillbeignoredbyallotherbrowsers.Allbrowserswillinterpretthestyleinformationinthemiddle. noteSeehttp://tantek.com/CSS/Examples/midpass.htmlfordocumentationonthemid-passfilter. Secret#159:IE5.0WindowsBandPassFilterThisfilterworksonthesamepremiseasthemid-passfilter,butisspecifictoIE5.0forWindowsonly.Everyotherbrowserbeforeorafterisfilteredout. @mediatty{ i{content:”";/*”"*/}};@import’ie50winbandpassbefore.css’; {;}/*”;} }/**/ p.test{color:green;padding:1em} strong{color:black;background:#fff;padding:02px;margin:-
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lemswiththehackitself. noteTolearnmoreabouttheBoxModelHack,seevisualexamples,andreadmoreaboutadditional,usefulCSStohelpwithotherbrowsersathttp://tantek.com/CSS/Examples/boxmodelhack.html. TheBoxModelHackwillnowvalidateattheW3C sCSSvalidator.Foratimeitdidnot,butbecausetheactualsyntaxisvalidCSSsyntax,theW3Ccorrectedthevalidatortosupportit,eventhoughthewayit sbeingusedisinappropriate.Thinkoftheuseofatableelementtocreatealayouttable. EventhoughtheuseoftablesforlayoutisthebiggesthackinHTMLhistory, thetableelementisstillavalidelement,eventhoughwe remisusingitfromitsoriginalintent. Secret#157:TheHighPassFilterThisfilterisameansoffilteringCSSrulestoavarietyofbrowserswhileen- suringthatunwantedstylesdon tgetmalignedbythoseproblembrowsers.freeanenvironmentaspossible,butstillbeabletodeliverCSStobrowsersinacontrolledway. Sowhilewe restillhackingaway,we removingthosehacksoutofthemainHTMLandCSSdocuments,asdescribedintheprevious CSSHackingStrategies secret. Inthecaseofthehighpassfilter,you llfirstcreatealinkedstylesheetwith@importruleswritteninsuchawayastotrickbrowserswithoutproperimple- mentation:
Thisstylesheetitselfcontainstworules: @import”null?”{”; @import”highpass.css”; ThefirstruleisatrickusingthesametechniqueemployedintheBoxModelHacktothrowoffthosebrowsersthatcan tparsetheescapesequence,”?”{Thesecondstylesheet,highpass.css,willcontainyouractualstyles,whichwillthenbeimportedintothestylesheetandcarriedoverintothecompliantbrowserviathelink,leavingthehackseparatefromthemainHTMLdocumentandfromthecleanstylesheet. noteForthedocumentationontheHighPassFilter,seehttp://tantek.CSS/Examples/highpass.html.
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Secret#156:TheBoxModelHackPerhapsthemostwidelyusedhackinCSS,theBoxModelHackhelpscorrectproblemswithpositioning.IEforWindowshasanincorrectimplementationoftheBoxModel,asdescribedearlierinthischapter.WhileDOCTYPEswitchingcorrectsthisprobleminIE6.0,earlierIEversionswillmisinterpretyourCSSbadlyenoughtocausesignificantlayoutdiscrepancies. noteReadmoreaboutDOCTYPEswitchingtechnologyinChapter7, MovingAheadwithXHTML. Beginwithasimplebox,suchasthefollowing: #content{ border:10pxsolidblack; padding:10px; width:300px; } Thecorrectinterpretationwouldbetoaddthebordersandpaddingwidth-Leftborder10px+ Rightborder10px+ Leftpadding10px+ Rightpadding10px+ Boxwidth300px= 340pixelstotalwidthHowever,improperBoxModelinterpretationswillplacetheborderandpaddinginsidethewidthofthebox,resultinginthosewidthsbeingsubtracted,asfollows: Boxwidth300px- Leftborder10px- Rightborder10px- Leftpadding10px- Rightpadding10px= 260pixelstotalwidthAsyoucansee,thisisasignificantdifference.TheBoxModelHacktapsintoaparsingbuginthoseproblembrowserstoworkaroundtheproblem.Usingthevoice-familyproperty,youfirstdefineyourdesiredwidth,insertthehack,whichgetsoverriddenandtrickstheproblembrowsersintousingthecorrectwidthof340pixels: div.content{ width:340px; voice-family:”"}”"; voice-family:inherit; width:260px; }
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elik,whoworkedasleaddeveloperonseveralversionsoftheMacintoshIEWebbrowserandisastrongadvocateofWebstandards,andarepresentedwithhispermission.Alsoofnote:sotheyareavailableforyoutofreelydistributeaslongasattributionisgiven.Ineachhack scase,I veprovidedtheURLspecifictothehack sdocumen- tation. Havingsomestrategyinplacetodealwithhackscanhelp.Hereareafewtips: Avoidhacksifyoudon tneedthem.ThismeansknowingCSS(wellenoughtostripouthacksfromCSSthatyoumightborrowfromotherdesignerstouseasatemplateorguide. Commentyourhackedcode.Anytimeyouaddahack,makesureyouplaceacommentwiththathacktonotifyotherswhomightbeworkingwithyourcode.Leteveryoneknowthatitisinfactahack,andifithasaspecific,knownname,suchas hipassfilter, includethatinyourcomment,too. Considerusing@importwithinyourmainstylesheettoimportyourhacks.Thisway,youcansimplyremovethehackfileand@importrulesfromyourmainsheetasyoufindtheyarenolongerrequired. Ifyouchoosetoimportyourhacks,youmustaddtherulesdirectlytoyourprimarystylesheet: /*beginhacks*/ @import”hi-pass.css”; @import”boxmodel.css”; @import”opera.css”; /*endhacks*/ Figure9-12describesthewayyouwouldimportahack.Bykeepingthehacksinseparatefiles,theybecomeeasiertoremovedowntheline. Figure9-12:Importinghacksintoaprimarystylesheet.
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thelayoutstylesusing@import,asinthefollowingexample:
@import”layout.css”; BecauseNetscape4.xcanreadthelinkedstylesheet,somestylewillbeappliedtothepage.Butbecauseitcannotreadthe@importruleoranystylesassociatedwithit,thelayoutstyleinformationisignored,leavingamoregracefullydegradedsite(seeFigure9-11). Figure9-11:Gracefuldegradationusing@importtohidelayoutstylesfromNetscape. Secret#155:CSSHackingStrategiesYou vealreadyseenthecenterhackinoperationinthischapter.Ahackoccursanytimeyouuseanelement,property,orothersyntaxwithinalanguageforapurposeotherthanitsintendedapplication. HacksareinwidespreadusewithCSSbecauseofmyriadbrowserissues.pendinguponyourcircumstances,youmaybeabletoavoidmosthacks,hacksarenecessary especiallywhenitcomestomaintainingCSSlayoutandstyleacrossasmanybrowsersaspossible. noteInthenextfewsecrets,you llbelearningaboutanumberofhackstomanagelayoutanddesignissuesacrossbrowsers.Themajorityofthese
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you llwanttoorderyourdivelementssothecontentisreadablewhenstylesareremoved. Say,forexample,youhavethefollowinginyourdocument: