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Secret#121:ThetargetAttributeisUnavailableinAnchorYou vebeendoingitallalong targetinganewwindowforlinks.It saneasyoptioninHTMLandXHTMLTransitional.However,ifyou reusingXHTML1.0orXHTML1.1,youcannotusethetargetattributeinananchorelement. Here swhatyou vebeendoing: OpensinnewwindowOpensinnewwindow However,peoplesometimesturntheirJavaScriptoff.Ifyoudon twanttouseJavaScriptforanyreason,youronlyalternativeistouseaTransitionalDTDandthetargetattribute. SummaryThelasttwochaptershavecoveredmoreaboutHTMLandXHTMLthanthevastmajorityofworkingWebdesignerscouldtellyou.Hopefully,you vefoundsomeclarification,insight,orsuggestionsthatwillassistyouinunderstandingthewhyaswellasthehowofwritingmarkup. Ifyou vefoundthelastcoupleofchaptersabitonthetechnicalordryside,CSSisupnext,soyou llgetachancetolearnmoreabouthowtoaddgreatdesignandpresentationoptionstoyourwell-formed,valid,andstructureddocuments.
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Listing7-4:(continued) Listing7-5showstheimage,aninlineelement,markedupproperlyforXHTML1.0StrictorXHTML1.1.Here,I musingaparagraphelement,butyoucanuseanylogicalblock-levelelementtocontainyourinlineelements.Anothergoodchoiceforthiswouldbethedivelement. Listing7-5:PropermanagementofinlineelementsinXHTML1.1

Secret#120:nameBecomesidInXHTML1.0Strictand1.1,thenameattributeisreplacedwiththeidattribute. Inthepast,youmighthavehadthefollowing: Line200 ButinXHTML1.0StrictandXHTML1.1,youmustuseidinstead: Line200 Inmostcases,usingiddoesn tchangethefunction.However,becausesomebrowsersdonotproperlyidentifyorinterpretid,whenyouneedtoensureback- wardcompatibility,useaTransitionalXHTMLDTDandincludeboth,Line200 noteTheidattributebecomesveryimportantwhenusingCSS.SeeChapter9, LayingOutPageswithCSS fordetails.
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AlloftheDOCTYPEsinthischapterwilldothetrick. Here showthebehaviorbreaksdown: DocumentswitholderorTransitionalDOCTYPEs,poorlyformedDOCTYPES,ornoDOCTYPEatallaredisplayedusingQuirksmode, andwillbeinterpretedwiththelegacybugsandbehaviorsofversion4browsers. DocumentswithproperlyformedHTMLStrictorXHTMLDOCTYPEsaredisplayedusingCompliancemode.ThismodefollowsW3CspecificationsforHTML,CSS,andotherlayoutlanguagesascloselyaspossible. Ofcourse,anybrowser(includingNetscape4)thatcamealongbeforeDOCTYPEswitchingwasconceivedwillactjustasQuirksmodedoes.Incontrast,butthosebrowsersworkmorelikestandardsmodedoes,becauseOperahasbeenpurposelydevelopedwithstandardsinmind. noteForanexcellentoverviewofDOCTYPEswitching,read DOCTYPESwitchingandStandardsCompliance byMatthiasGutfeldt.Thearticledescribesthetechnicaldetailsregardingtheswitchingtechnologyandprovidesadditionalresources(http://gutfeldt.ch/matthias/articles/doctypeswitch.html). Secret#119:EncloseInlineElementsinBlocksIfyou reusingXHTML1.0StrictorXHTML1.1,youcan thaveanywidowedinlineelements.Thismeansthatanyinlineelementmustappearwithinablock. Listing7-4showsavalidXHTML1.0Transitionaldocumentwithanimage(markeduponalinebyitself.ThisisallowedinHTMLandXHTMLTransitional. Listing7-4:Validtransitionaldocumentwithawidowedinlineelement
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noteCSSprovidessometerrificwaystostylelistbulletsandnumericvalues.StyleTipsforTypeandDesign tolearnmore. Secret#118:DOCTYPESwitchingAsyou vecometolearninthesemarkupchapters,DOCTYPEsarerequiredcom- ponentsofavalidHTMLorXHTMLdocument.TheDOCTYPEdeclarationhashistoricallybeenpassive,withnoactualfunctionuntilthedocumentispassedthroughavalidatorandusesthedeclarationtodeterminewhichDTDtovalidatethedocumentagaint. Historically,manyWebauthorshavenotvalidatedtheirdocuments,muchlessau- thoredtostandards,although,fortunately,thatisachangingtrend.Understandingthewaythelanguageswithwhichweworkandhowthebrowsersrespondtothemissurelytheroadtolong-termsuccessandsurvivalasaWebdesigner.Soknowingthisstuffisreallyimportant. AnotherequallyimportantbutlesserknownreasonthattheDOCTYPEdeclarationissosignificanthastodowithaswitchingmechanismthat sbeenaddeThisallowsthemtorenderthedocumentsmorequicklyandaccurately.ThisbecomesveryimportantwhenyoubeginusingCSS,especiallyforlayout. StudyingtheproblemofCSSimplementationinbrowsers,TantekC elik,grammerforMicrosoftwhohasbeeninvolvedwithbrowserdevelopmentandstandardsforsomeyearsnow,recognizedthatnobrowsercouldaffordtomoveaheadwithmorecompliantandconsistenttechnologieswithoutallowingforrea- sonablebackwardcompatibility. crossrefSeeChapter9, LayingOutPageswithCSS formoredetailsabouthowDOCTYPEswitchinginfluencesdisplay. ThesolutionC elikdevisedwastosplitthebrowser scapabilitiesintotwomodes: QuirksmodeandStandards(or compliance )mode.Quirksmodeistheimple- mentationofrenderingenginesinusethatmanagenonstandardmarkup(tiallythesameforgivingrenderingthatwe vereliedonforyears).Itisforgivingofourshortcomingsaswellasthoseofourtools,butcanbeincrediblyinconsistentasaresult. Compliancemode,ontheotherhand,isastreamlinedstandards-compliantren- deringengine,allowingforfaster,moreaccurate,andmorecontrolledrenderingofyourdesigns. WebbrowserswithDOCTYPEswitchingtechnologyrelyonspecificallyformedDOCTYPEdeclarationsforproperswitchingtooccur. DOCTYPEdeclarationscanbewritteninanynumberofways.ThedefaultDOC- TYPEsinmanyvisualtoolsandHTMLeditorsareproblematicforthereasonsImentionedearlierinthischapter.There snothingwrongwiththoseDOCTYPEsinanytechnicalsense,butthereissomethingwrongwiththeminregardstoDOCTYPEswitchingtechnology.YoumustusesomeveryspecificDOCTYPEsto
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ol>

Youcanalsomixandmatchlists,aslongastheyareproperlynested:

1. Gotostore
   • flowers
   • saladfixings
   • whitewine
2. Gotobank
3. Gotopostoffice

Figure7-7showstheresults. Figure7-7:AnestedunorderedlistwithinanumberedlistcreatedusingXHTML.
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ButpropernestingrulesinXHTMLplacethenestedlistinsidealistitemaspartofthatitem,notasaseparatepartofthatlist.Asaresult,thecorrectlistingprocedureinXHTMLlookslikethis:

• Pens
  • Felttip
  • Highlighter
  • Fountain
• Envelope
• Stamp

Ofcourse,orderedlists(seeFigure7-6foranexample)followthesamepracticeinXHTML,withnestedorderingplacedwithinthelistitem: Figure7-6:AnestedorderedlistcreatedusingXHTML.
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Secret#117:ProperNestingofListsOnethingthatmarkupauthorsmovingtoXHTMLstumbleoverearlyonishowtonestlistsproperlyinXHTML. InHTML,youcouldleaveofftheclosing

tag,andnestlistslikethis:

• Pens
  • Felttip
  • Highlighter
  • Fountain
• Envelope
• Stamp

Theresults(showninFigure7-5)areanested,unorderedlist. Figure7-5:AnestedunorderedlistcreatedusingHTML. Logicsaysifyou reclosingallyournonemptyelementsinXHTML,you ddothis:

• Pens
• Felttip

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Secret#116:UnderstandWell-FormednessWell-formednessissimplythepropernestingofelements.ItisimportantinHTML, althoughit snotbroughtuptoooftenasadiscussionpointuntilyoubegintostudyXHTMLinearnest. Whathappensifyouwanttohavesomethingbeingbothemphasizedandstrongatthesametime?Well,youcanapplybothelementstotext.Theimportantissueisthattheelementsnestproperly. Correct:

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Alsocorrect:

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Incorrect:

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Alsoincorrect:

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Agreatwaytohelpvisualizethisistodrawanarcfromanopeningtagtoitscompanionclosingtag.Ifthearcsintersect,yourelementsareimproperlynested(refertoFigure7-3).Thesameistrueforthevertical,too(seeFigure7-4). Figure7-3:Impropernestingofelementsalongthehorizontalaxis. Figure7-4:Impropernestingofelementsalongtheverticalaxis.
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themorerigidrulesofXHTMLexpectyoutoescapeallinlineinstancesofampersandsnotrelatedtoaspecialcharacter. TakethefollowingURL,forexample: http://www.molly.com/books/250.cgi?chapter=1&section=2Theampersandmustbeescapedusingthecharacterentity: http://www.molly.com/books/250.cgi?chapter=1&section=2ThesameistrueinanyinlineorembeddedJavaScript.Considerthefollowingsnippetfromaroutingscript: if(browser==”MicrosoftInternetExplorer”&& navigator.appVersion==version) IfthisJavaScriptappearsasanembeddedscript,theampersandsmustbeescaped: if(browser==”MicrosoftInternetExplorer”&& navigator.appVersion==version) noteEscapingcharactersinURLsorscriptswillnotaffectthefunctionsrelatedtoeither.Youdonotneedtodothisforanyexternalscript. FormoreinformationonentitiesinXHTMLandotherhelpfulXHTMLworkarounds,seewww.simonstl.com/tips/archive/workarounds.html. Secret#115:altAttributeRequiredUnlikeHTML,wherethealtattributeisarecommendedinclusionforaccessi- bilitypurposes,youcan tleaveitoutinXHTML. Incorrect: Correct: Therearenoexceptionstothisrule,evenifyouleavethevalueempty: However,sinceyoucanuseCSSforeffectivespacing,spacergraphicsareunnec- essaryanyway. noteInterestingly,whilewidthandheightmightseempresentational,theyareavailableforuseinstrictDTDsandXHTML1.1,becausehavingwidthandheightattributespresentwillassistwithbettergraphicrenderinginmostbrowsers.
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noteForaninterestingandverydetailedarticleonemptyelements,theirhistory, andtheirquirks,see EmptyElementsinSGML,HTML,XML,andXHTML byJukkaKorpela,atwww.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/html/empty.html. Secret#113:ManagingMinimizedAttributesAminimizedattributeisonethatisrepresentedonlybytheattributename.InHTML,familiarexampleswouldincludeattributessuchasthefollowing: noresize noshade nohref nowrap multiple checked ismap compactHere sasample: InXHTML,theminimizationofattributesisdisallowed.Theattributenameisgivenavalueofitself: So,inallcaseswhereyoufindasingle-wordattribute,youmustgiveitavalueofitselffortheattributetobevalidinXHTML. noteDuringclassesIoftenaskstudentstoguesswhattheattributevalueofaminimizedattributebecomesinXHTML.Manyguessthatthevalueis whichmakesabsolutesense.TheselectedattributeisconsideredaBooleanattribute,andyoucanreadmoreabouttheiruniquehistoryanduseatwww.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/intro/sgmltut.html. Secret#114:EntitiesandXHTMLChapter6examinedcharacterentitiesandtheirroleinHTML.UsedforthedisplayofspecialcharactersinbothHTMLandXHTML,entitiesarealsousedinXHTMLtoescapecertaincharactersinscriptsandURLs. Thebestexampleofthisistheampersand(&),whichappearsinJavaScriptandalsoinsomeURLs.
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